Foundation of Structure

Foundation of Structure

Foundation

The foundations of the building transfer the weight of the building to the ground. While 'foundation' is a general word, normally, every building has a number of individual foundations. Most buildings have some kind of foundation structure directly below every major column, so as to transfer the column loads directly to the ground.

                                       OR 

A Foundation (Or, More Commonly, Foundations) Is The Element Of An Architectural Structure Which Connects It To The Ground, And Transfers Loads From The Structure To The Ground. Foundations Are Generally Considered Either Shallow Or Deep.

Foundation Design Principles

The Main Objectives Of Foundation Design Are To:

Ensure That The Structural Loads Are Transmitted To The Subsoil Safely, Economically And Without Any Unacceptable Movement During The Construction Period And Throughout The Anticipated Life Of The Building Or Structure

Basic Foundation Types

Shallow foundations: often called footings, are usually embedded about a metre or so into soil. One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.

Deep foundation: is used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There are different types of deep footings including impact driven piles, drilled shafts, caissons, helical piles, geo-piers and earth stabilized columns. The naming conventions for different types of footings vary between different engineers. Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete.

Types of foundations

Pad foundation/footing

• Suitable for most subsoil except loose sand, loose gravels and fill areas
• Usually constructed of reinforced concrete, square in plan

Typical pad foundation types are:

1. Isolated or pad foundation
2. Steel grillage
3. Rectangular pad
4. Combined column foundation

Strip foundation

• Suitable for most subsoil  & light structure loadings
• Suitable for those encountered in low to medium rise domestic dwellings where mass concrete can be used

Typical strip foundation types:

1. Traditional strip
2. Deep strip or trench fill
3. Reinforced concrete strip
4. Continuous column

Raft foundation

• Used to spread the load of the structure over a large base to reduce the load per unit area being imposed on the ground
• Particularly useful where low bearing capacity soils are encountered & where individual column loads are heavy

Typical raft foundation:

• Solid slab raft
• Beam & slab raft

Pile foundation

• Can be defined as a series of columns constructed or inserted into the ground to transmit the loads of a structure to a lower level of subsoil
• Can be used when suitable foundation conditions are not presented at or near ground level
• Classification of piles (may be classified by their basic design function or method of construction):

1. End bearing piles
2. Friction or floating piles
3. Replacement piles
4. Displacement piles

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