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engineer abdur rehman

Tuesday, 25 December 2018

SAND


SAND 

It consists of small grains of silica and is formed by the disintegration of rocks caused by weather.

Classification of Sands

The classifications of sand are;
Fine sand,
medium sand,
 and coarse sand
Fine sand = 0.075 to 0.425 MM
Medium sand = 0.425 to 2 MM
Coarse Sand = 2.0 to 4.75 MM

Various type of sand
Depending upon the source from which sand is obtained it is classified as
1)      Pit sand (coarse sand)
2)      River sand 
3)      Sea sand  


1)    Pit Sand (coarse sand)     

It is found as deposits in soil and has to be excavated out. It consists of sharp angular grain which is free from salt. It is coarse sand, reddish yellow in color, and is used in concreting normally

2)    River Sand                      

This is obtained from the bank and bed of rivers. It usually consists of fine rounded grains.it may be fine or coarse sand. It is normally white and grayish in color. It is widely used for plastering and is available in clean condition

3)    Sea Sand  

This is obtained from sea shores. It is brown in color and it also has the fine rounded grain. As it is obtained from sea it contains salt, which is used in attracting moisture from atmosphere. Such absorption causes dampness and disintegration of work. It is generally not used for engineering purpose due to its retards setting action of cement. It is normally used for non-structural purposes

Bulking Of Sand

It is the property of sand by virtue of which its apparent volume increases when some water is added to it. It happens mainly due to surface tension.
This increase in volume will not take place when the sand is either dry or fully saturated.
The bulking depends both on moisture content as well as particle size Bulking increases gradually with the increase in moisture content.at 4% increase in moisture content by weight, the increase in volume is about 25 percent.it then decreases with the increase in moisture content till it become zero when the water is more than 20%.
 Bulking is more in fine sand than in coarser one.


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